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    Enteritis

    Enteritis is inflammation of the small intestine.

    Causes

    Enteritis is most often caused by eating or drinking things that are contaminated with bacteria or viruses. The germs settle in the small intestine and cause inflammation and swelling.

    Enteritis may also be caused by:

    • An autoimmune condition, such as Crohn disease
    • Certain medicines, including NSAIDS (such as ibuprofen and naproxen sodium) and cocaine
    • Damage from radiation therapy
    • Celiac disease
    • Tropical sprue
    • Whipple disease

    The inflammation can also involve the stomach (gastritis) and large intestine (colitis).

    Risk factors include:

    • Recent stomach flu among household members
    • Recent travel
    • Exposure to unclean water

    Types of enteritis include:

    Symptoms

    The symptoms may begin hours to days after you become infected. Symptoms may include:

    • Abdominal pain
    • Diarrhea -- acute and severe
    • Loss of appetite
    • Vomiting
    • Blood in the stool

    Exams and Tests

    Tests may include:

    • A stool culture culture or multiplex PCR to look for the type of infection. However, this test may not always identify the bacteria or other organisms causing the illness.
    • A colonoscopy and/or upper endoscopy to look at the small intestine and to take tissue samples if needed.
    • Imaging tests, such as CT scan and MRI, if symptoms persist.

    Treatment

    Mild cases of enteritis often do not need testing or treatment.

    Antidiarrheal medicine is sometimes used.

    You may need rehydration with electrolyte solutions if your body does not have enough fluids.

    You may need medical care and fluids through a vein (intravenous fluids) if you have diarrhea and cannot keep fluids down. This is often the case with young children.

    If you take diuretics (water pills) or an ACE inhibitor and develop diarrhea, you may need to stop taking the medicines. However, do not stop taking any medicine without first talking to your health care provider.

    You may need to take antibiotics.

    People who have Crohn disease will often need to take anti-inflammatory medicines (not NSAIDs).

    Outlook (Prognosis)

    Symptoms most often go away without treatment in a few days in otherwise healthy people.

    Possible Complications

    Complications may include:

    • Dehydration
    • Long-term diarrhea

    Note: In babies, the diarrhea can cause severe dehydration that comes on very quickly.

    When to Contact a Medical Professional

    Contact your provider if:

    • You become dehydrated.
    • Diarrhea does not go away in 3 to 4 days.
    • You have a fever over 101°F (38.3°C).
    • You have blood in your stool
    • You have severe belly pain

    Prevention

    The following steps may help prevent enteritis:

    • Always wash your hands after using the toilet and before eating or preparing food or drinks. You may also clean your hands with an alcohol-based product containing at least 60% alcohol.
    • Boil water that comes from unknown sources, such as streams and outdoor wells, before drinking it.
    • Use only clean utensils for eating or handling foods, particularly when handling eggs and poultry.
    • Cook food thoroughly.
    • Use coolers to store food that needs to stay chilled.
    Open References

    References

    Fleckenstein JM. Approach to the patient with suspected enteric infection. In: Goldman L, Cooney KA, eds. Goldman-Cecil Medicine. 27th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2024:chap 262.

    Lima AAM, Warren CA, Guerrant RL. Acute dysentery syndromes (diarrhea with fever). In: Bennett JE, Dolin R, Blaser MJ, eds. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 99.

    Melia JMP, Sears CL. Infectious enteritis and proctocolitis. In: Feldman M, Friedman LS, Brandt LJ, eds. Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease. 11th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2021:chap 110.

    Semrad CE. Approach to the patient with diarrhea and malabsorption. In: Goldman L, Cooney KA, eds. Goldman-Cecil Medicine. 27th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2024:chap 126.

      • Salmonella typhi organism

        Salmonella typhi organism - illustration

        The causative agent of typhoid fever is the bacterium Salmonella typhi. (Image courtesy of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.)

        Salmonella typhi organism

        illustration

      • Yersinia enterocolitica organism

        Yersinia enterocolitica organism - illustration

        This picture shows the organism Yersinia enterocolitica. Yersinia organisms cause a wide range of disease but are most often associated with diarrhea or gastrointestinal symptoms. Yersinia infection is appearing with increased frequency in immunocompromised individuals. (Image courtesy of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.)

        Yersinia enterocolitica organism

        illustration

      • Campylobacter jejuni organism

        Campylobacter jejuni organism - illustration

        Campylobacter jejuni infection causes cramping, diarrhea, abdominal pain and fever within 2 to 5 days after a person has been exposed to the organism. Campylobacter jejuni is one of the most common bacterial causes of diarrhea. Most cases of Campylobacter jejuni come from handling or ingesting raw or undercooked poultry meat. Although poultry and other birds are not affected by the bacterium, other animals can be. Therefore it is possible for a person to acquire the infection from contact with infected stool of an ill cat or dog. This is what Campylobacter organisms look like through a microscope. (Image courtesy of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.)

        Campylobacter jejuni organism

        illustration

      • Clostridium difficile organism

        Clostridium difficile organism - illustration

        Clostridioides difficile is a bacterium commonly found in the intestinal tract but which, under the right circumstances, such as after or during antibiotics therapy, can be the cause of enterocolitis. (Image courtesy of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.)

        Clostridium difficile organism

        illustration

      • Digestive system

        Digestive system - illustration

        The esophagus, stomach, large and small intestine, aided by the liver, gallbladder and pancreas convert the nutritive components of food into energy and break down the non-nutritive components into waste to be excreted.

        Digestive system

        illustration

      • Esophagus and stomach anatomy

        Esophagus and stomach anatomy - illustration

        Food is swallowed and passes through the esophagus to the stomach, where the majority of digestion takes place.

        Esophagus and stomach anatomy

        illustration

        • Salmonella typhi organism

          Salmonella typhi organism - illustration

          The causative agent of typhoid fever is the bacterium Salmonella typhi. (Image courtesy of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.)

          Salmonella typhi organism

          illustration

        • Yersinia enterocolitica organism

          Yersinia enterocolitica organism - illustration

          This picture shows the organism Yersinia enterocolitica. Yersinia organisms cause a wide range of disease but are most often associated with diarrhea or gastrointestinal symptoms. Yersinia infection is appearing with increased frequency in immunocompromised individuals. (Image courtesy of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.)

          Yersinia enterocolitica organism

          illustration

        • Campylobacter jejuni organism

          Campylobacter jejuni organism - illustration

          Campylobacter jejuni infection causes cramping, diarrhea, abdominal pain and fever within 2 to 5 days after a person has been exposed to the organism. Campylobacter jejuni is one of the most common bacterial causes of diarrhea. Most cases of Campylobacter jejuni come from handling or ingesting raw or undercooked poultry meat. Although poultry and other birds are not affected by the bacterium, other animals can be. Therefore it is possible for a person to acquire the infection from contact with infected stool of an ill cat or dog. This is what Campylobacter organisms look like through a microscope. (Image courtesy of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.)

          Campylobacter jejuni organism

          illustration

        • Clostridium difficile organism

          Clostridium difficile organism - illustration

          Clostridioides difficile is a bacterium commonly found in the intestinal tract but which, under the right circumstances, such as after or during antibiotics therapy, can be the cause of enterocolitis. (Image courtesy of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.)

          Clostridium difficile organism

          illustration

        • Digestive system

          Digestive system - illustration

          The esophagus, stomach, large and small intestine, aided by the liver, gallbladder and pancreas convert the nutritive components of food into energy and break down the non-nutritive components into waste to be excreted.

          Digestive system

          illustration

        • Esophagus and stomach anatomy

          Esophagus and stomach anatomy - illustration

          Food is swallowed and passes through the esophagus to the stomach, where the majority of digestion takes place.

          Esophagus and stomach anatomy

          illustration

        Review Date: 6/11/2024

        Reviewed By: Jenifer K. Lehrer, MD, Department of Gastroenterology, Aria - Jefferson Health Torresdale, Jefferson Digestive Diseases Network, Philadelphia, PA. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.

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