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    Necrotizing enterocolitis

    Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is the death of tissue in the intestine. It occurs most often in premature or sick babies.

    Causes

    NEC occurs when the lining of the intestinal wall dies. This problem nearly always develops in an infant who is ill or premature. It is likely to occur while the infant is still in the hospital.

    The exact cause of this disorder is unknown. A drop in blood flow to the bowel can damage the tissue. Bacteria in the intestine may also add to the problem. Also, premature infants have an undeveloped immune response to factors such as bacteria or low blood flow. An imbalance in immune regulation appears to be involved in NEC.

    Babies at higher risk for the condition include:

    • Premature infants
    • Infants who are fed formula rather than human milk. (Human milk contains growth factors, antibodies, and immune cells which may help prevent the problem.)
    • Infants in a nursery where an outbreak has occurred
    • Infants who have received blood exchange transfusions or have been seriously ill

    Symptoms

    Symptoms may come on slowly or suddenly, and may include:

    Exams and Tests

    Tests may include:

    Treatment

    Treatment for a baby who may have NEC most often includes:

    • Halting enteral (GI tract) feedings
    • Relieving gas in the bowel by inserting a tube in the stomach
    • Giving intravenous (IV or into a vein) fluids and nutrition
    • Giving IV antibiotics
    • Monitoring the condition with abdominal x-rays, blood tests, and measurement of blood gases

    The infant will need surgery if there is a hole in the intestines or inflammation of the abdominal wall (peritonitis).

    In this surgery, the surgeon will:

    • Remove dead bowel tissue
    • Perform a colostomy or ileostomy

    The bowel may be reconnected after several weeks or months when the infection has healed.

    Outlook (Prognosis)

    NEC is a serious disease. Up to 40% of infants with NEC die from it. Early, aggressive treatment can help improve the outcome.

    Possible Complications

    Complications may include:

    When to Contact a Medical Professional

    Get emergency medical care if any symptoms of necrotizing enterocolitis develop. Infants who are hospitalized for illness or prematurity are at higher risk for NEC. They are watched closely for this problem before they are sent home.

    Open References

    References

    de la Cruz D, Neu J. Neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis. In: Martin RJ, Fanaroff AA, eds. Fanaroff and Martin's Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine. 12th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2025:chap 89.

    Greenberg JM, Narendran V, Brady JM, Nathan AT, Haberman BB. Neonatal morbidities of prenatal and perinatal origin. In: Lockwood CJ, Copel JA, Dugoff L, et al, eds. Creasy and Resnik's Maternal-Fetal Medicine: Principles and Practice. 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2023:chap 73.

    Maqbool A, Liacouras CA. Normal development, structure, and function of the stomach and intestines. In: Kliegman RM, St. Geme JW, Blum NJ, et al, eds. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 22nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2025:chap 374.

      • Infant intestines

        Infant intestines - illustration

        The intestines are responsible for the majority of fluid absorption.

        Infant intestines

        illustration

        • Infant intestines

          Infant intestines - illustration

          The intestines are responsible for the majority of fluid absorption.

          Infant intestines

          illustration

        Review Date: 4/6/2025

        Reviewed By: Neil K. Kaneshiro, MD, MHA, Clinical Professor of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.

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