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    Mycoplasma pneumonia

    Walking pneumonia; Community-acquired pneumonia - mycoplasma; Community-acquired pneumonia - atypical

    Pneumonia is inflamed or swollen lung tissue due to infection with a germ.

    Mycoplasma pneumonia is caused by the bacteria Mycoplasma pneumoniae (M pneumoniae).

    This type of pneumonia is also called atypical pneumonia because the symptoms are different from those of pneumonia due to other common bacteria.

    Causes

    Mycoplasma pneumonia usually affects people younger than 40.

    People who live or work in crowded areas such as schools and homeless shelters have a higher chance of getting this condition. But many people who get sick with it have no known risk factors.

    Symptoms

    Symptoms are often mild and appear over 1 to 3 weeks. They may become more severe in some people.

    Common symptoms include any of the following:

    Less common symptoms include:

    Exams and Tests

    People with suspected pneumonia should have a complete medical evaluation. It may be hard for your health care provider to tell whether you have pneumonia, bronchitis, or another respiratory infection, so you may need a chest x-ray.

    Depending on how severe your symptoms are, other tests may be done, including:

    • Complete blood count (CBC)
    • Blood tests
    • Bronchoscopy in which a flexible tube with a lighted camera on the end is passed down to your lungs in selected cases (rarely needed)
    • CT scan of the chest
    • Measuring levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood (arterial blood gases)
    • Nose or throat swab to check for bacteria and viruses
    • Open lung biopsy (only done in very serious illnesses when the diagnosis cannot be made from other sources, so very rarely needed)
    • Sputum tests to check for mycoplasma bacteria

    In many cases, it is not necessary to make the specific diagnosis before starting treatment.

    Treatment

    To feel better, you can take these self-care measures at home:

    • Control your fever with aspirin, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs, such as ibuprofen or naproxen), or acetaminophen. Do not give aspirin to children because it may cause a dangerous illness called Reye syndrome.
    • Do not take cough medicines without first contacting your provider. Cough medicines may make it harder for your body to cough up the extra sputum.
    • Drink plenty of fluids to help loosen secretions and bring up phlegm.
    • Get a lot of rest. Have someone else do household chores.

    Antibiotics are used to treat atypical pneumonia:

    • You may be able to take antibiotics by mouth at home.
    • If your condition is severe, you will likely be admitted to a hospital. There, you will be given antibiotics through a vein (intravenously), as well as oxygen.
    • Antibiotics are usually prescribed for 3 to 5 days, although sometimes they may be used for 2 weeks or more.
    • Finish all the antibiotics you've been prescribed, even if you feel better. If you stop the medicine too soon, the pneumonia can return and may be harder to treat.

    Outlook (Prognosis)

    Most people recover completely without antibiotics, although antibiotics may speed recovery. In untreated adults, cough and weakness can last for up to a month. The disease can be more serious in older adults and in those with a weakened immune system.

    Possible Complications

    Complications that may result include any of the following:

    When to Contact a Medical Professional

    Contact your provider if you develop a fever, cough, or shortness of breath. There are many causes for these symptoms. The provider will need to check for pneumonia.

    Also, contact your provider if you have been diagnosed with this type of pneumonia and your symptoms become worse after improving first.

    Prevention

    Wash your hands often, and have other people around you do the same.

    Avoid contact with other sick people.

    If your immune system is weak, stay away from crowds. Ask visitors who have a cold to wear a mask.

    Do not smoke. If you do, get help to quit.

    Get the appropriate vaccines like the flu and COVID-19 shots as prescribed. Ask your provider if you should get a pneumococcal vaccine (pneumonia vaccine).

    Open References

    References

    Dockrell DH, Ho A, Gordon SB. Community-acquired pneumonia. In: Broaddus VC, Ernst JD, King TE, et al, eds. Murray and Nadel's Textbook of Respiratory Medicine. 7th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2022:chap 46.

    Goldman DL. Mycoplasma infections. In: Goldman L, Cooney KA, eds. Goldman-Cecil Medicine. 27th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2024:chap 293.

    Holzman RS, Simberkoff MS, Leaf HL. Mycoplasma pneumoniae and atypical pneumonia. In: Bennett JE, Dolin R, Blaser MJ, eds. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020:chap 183.

      • Lungs

        Lungs - illustration

        The major features of the lungs include the bronchi, the bronchioles and the alveoli. The alveoli are the microscopic blood vessel-lined sacks in which oxygen and carbon dioxide gas are exchanged.

        Lungs

        illustration

      • Erythema multiforme, circular lesions - hands

        Erythema multiforme, circular lesions - hands - illustration

        Erythema multiforme lesions are circular and may appear in concentric rings (often called target lesions). Target lesions may also be associated with other medical conditions such as herpes infection, streptococcal infection, tuberculosis (TB), or as a reaction to chemicals or medications.

        Erythema multiforme, circular lesions - hands

        illustration

      • Erythema multiforme, target lesions on the palm

        Erythema multiforme, target lesions on the palm - illustration

        Erythema multiforme lesions are often referred to as target lesions because of the concentric rings the lesions produce. The target appearance is well demonstrated in this photograph.

        Erythema multiforme, target lesions on the palm

        illustration

      • Erythema multiforme on the leg

        Erythema multiforme on the leg - illustration

        The red spots on this person's back appear where blisters (bullae) caused by Erythema multiforme have ruptured and the overlying skin removed (denuded). The resulting lesions are yellow-crusted ulcers (erosions). Erythema multiforme may be associated with herpes simplex infection, mycoplasma pneumonia, or other medical conditions such as streptococcal infection, tuberculosis (TB), or may result from exposure to chemicals or medications.

        Erythema multiforme on the leg

        illustration

      • Exfoliation following erythroderma

        Exfoliation following erythroderma - illustration

        This picture shows diffuse redness (erythema) and scaling on the arm.

        Exfoliation following erythroderma

        illustration

      • Respiratory system

        Respiratory system - illustration

        Air is breathed in through the nasal passageways, travels through the trachea and bronchi to the lungs.

        Respiratory system

        illustration

        • Lungs

          Lungs - illustration

          The major features of the lungs include the bronchi, the bronchioles and the alveoli. The alveoli are the microscopic blood vessel-lined sacks in which oxygen and carbon dioxide gas are exchanged.

          Lungs

          illustration

        • Erythema multiforme, circular lesions - hands

          Erythema multiforme, circular lesions - hands - illustration

          Erythema multiforme lesions are circular and may appear in concentric rings (often called target lesions). Target lesions may also be associated with other medical conditions such as herpes infection, streptococcal infection, tuberculosis (TB), or as a reaction to chemicals or medications.

          Erythema multiforme, circular lesions - hands

          illustration

        • Erythema multiforme, target lesions on the palm

          Erythema multiforme, target lesions on the palm - illustration

          Erythema multiforme lesions are often referred to as target lesions because of the concentric rings the lesions produce. The target appearance is well demonstrated in this photograph.

          Erythema multiforme, target lesions on the palm

          illustration

        • Erythema multiforme on the leg

          Erythema multiforme on the leg - illustration

          The red spots on this person's back appear where blisters (bullae) caused by Erythema multiforme have ruptured and the overlying skin removed (denuded). The resulting lesions are yellow-crusted ulcers (erosions). Erythema multiforme may be associated with herpes simplex infection, mycoplasma pneumonia, or other medical conditions such as streptococcal infection, tuberculosis (TB), or may result from exposure to chemicals or medications.

          Erythema multiforme on the leg

          illustration

        • Exfoliation following erythroderma

          Exfoliation following erythroderma - illustration

          This picture shows diffuse redness (erythema) and scaling on the arm.

          Exfoliation following erythroderma

          illustration

        • Respiratory system

          Respiratory system - illustration

          Air is breathed in through the nasal passageways, travels through the trachea and bronchi to the lungs.

          Respiratory system

          illustration

        Review Date: 8/19/2024

        Reviewed By: Allen J. Blaivas, DO, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, VA New Jersey Health Care System, Clinical Assistant Professor, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, East Orange, NJ. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David C. Dugdale, MD, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team.

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